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The exemplars could serve to verify or validate the applicability of the chosen urban greening approach. Technical skills in horticulture and arboriculture demand formal training coupled with on-the-job practices. In: Bradley GA (ed) Urban forest landscapes: Integrating multidisciplinary perspectives. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–4Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers (2000) Guide for plant appraisal, 9th edn. The most common forms of urban greening are installing trees, parks, and landscaped green areas in newly-built urban projects.
The indispensable phased root pruning stage is too commonly omitted. Landsc Urban Plan 100:375–379Jim CY, Chen SS (2003) Comprehensive greenspace planning based on landscape ecology principles in compact Nanjing city, China. Island Press, Washington, DCDunnett M, Kingsbury N (eds) (2004) Planting green roofs and living walls. Especially in the course of recent rapid growth, natural areas with spontaneous flora and fauna could be annihilated. University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp 78–87Escobedo F, Varela S, Zhao M, Wagner JE, Zipperer W (2010) Analyzing the efficacy of subtropical urban forests in offsetting carbon emissions form cities. Urban Ecosyst 12:417–424James P, Tzoulas K, Adams MD, Barber A, Box J, Breuste J, Elmqvist T, Frith M, Gordon C, Greening KL, Handley J, Haworth S, Kazmierczak AE, Johnston M, Korpela K, Moretti M, Niemelä J, Pauleit S, Roe MH, Sadler JP, Thompson CW (2009) Towards an integrated understanding of green space in the European built environment. In the course of urban development, a tiny subset of trees could perform exceptionally well in tree form, stature, vigor and life span. Urban renewal and new developments without a greening vision could miss the opportunities to bring relief. For Ecol Manag 175:339–353Jim CY (2003b) Protection of urban trees from trenching damage in compact city environments.
Environ Resour Econ 18:173–210Caspersen OH, Olafsson AS (2010) Recreational mapping and planning for enlargement of the green structure in Greater Copenhagen. Landsc Urban Plan 58:25–40Hestmark G (2000) Temptations of the tree.
The persistent adherence to the urbanized strand of environmental determinism, that compact cities cannot become meritorious green cities, has stifled initiatives and enthusiasm.
The overriding concern of quality has to permeate all greening plans and tasks.The knowledge gap in urban greening, with particular reference to the use and care of native species in urban horticultural applications, needs to be filled by research in conjunction with knowledge exchange and transfer. Environ Monit Assess 116:53–80Jim CY (2008) Ecological design of sky woodland in compact urban Hong Kong. The report also includes a range of case-studies highlighting good practice in urban greening in London. UGS, however, are usually demarcated as isolated entities surrounded by rather inhospitable built-up areas (Kong et al. The Royal Horticultural Society is the UK’s leading gardening charity.
Arboric J 21:89–106Jim CY (1998a) Old stone walls as an ecological habitat for urban trees in Hong Kong. American Forestry Association, Washington, DCScalenghe R, Marsan FA (2009) Anthropogenic sealing of soils in urban areas. Springer, New York, pp 53–83Chen WY, Jim CY (2010) Resident motivations and willingness-to-pay for urban biodiversity conservation in Guangzhou (China). Landsc Urban Plan 69:51–68Jim CY (2005a) Monitoring the performance and decline of heritage trees in urban Hong Kong. Conserv Biol 14:512–521Ferriolo MV (1989) Homer’s garden.